Iacdrive|Automation Solution

Variable frequency drive main circuit failure analysis

Variable frequency drive includes main circuit, power circuit, IPM drive and protection circuits, cooling fan and other several parts. The structure is mostly unitized or modular. Incorrect or unreasonable setting will cause the VFD malfunction and failure easily, or can’t meet anticipated operation effect. As a precaution, careful analysis before the failure is particularly important.

Variable frequency drives main circuit mainly consists of three-phase or single-phase bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor, filter capacitor, IPM inverter bridge, current limitation resistors, contactors and other components. Many common failures are caused by the electrolytic capacitors. The electrolytic capacitor life is determined by the DC voltage and the internal temperature on the capacitor both sides, the capacitor type is confirmed during the circuit design, so, internal temperature inside the electrolytic capacitor is critical important. Electrolytic capacitor will affect the variable frequency drive life directly, generally, temperature increase 10 ℃, VFD life reduce a half. Therefore, on one hand, considering proper ambient temperature in installing, on the other hand, reduce ripple current by taking some measures. Adopt power factor improved AC/DC reactors can reduce ripple current, thereby extend the electrolytic capacitor life.

During variable frequency drive maintenance, usually it’s relative easy to measure the electrostatic capacity of to determine the capacitor deterioration, when the electrostatic capacity is less than rated 80%, insulation impedance is below 5 MΩ, it needs to replace the electrolytic capacitors.

Reduce cost of single and three induction motor

First you must optimize the design for the application. This is true for the electromagnetic and mechanical design. If you are making a general purpose motor then this will be more challenging because you will have to compromise to meet a variety of requirements. But the process is the same. You can design by hand using knowledge and experience or, better you can use the numerous design tools, many of which have perimetric design, variable ranges or optimization methods.
To evaluate your designs you need a cost equation. You simply multiply the weight of material and the cost or relative cost of the materials. Can you reduce the amount of the most expensive materials by making better use of the less expensive ones. Often you can.

With a similar approach you can review the mechanical design and you must be aware the these two activities can become intertwined. It is understanding this tight interrelationship that makes a good machine designer. So you must ask are you using the materials effectively? If for example you have poor cooling, optimization of the electromagnetic design will not get you to the lowest cost machine. Don’t forget about fan design, air flow, thermal transfer and similar items. Mechanical also involves the amount of material in the parts. Can the amount of material be reduced and still maintain strength? And so on…

Finally you look at presses. First are your processes themselves reducing the effectiveness of the materials. Poor processes show up in high stray losses, high iron and copper losses. Do you have a good die casting process? What is you vendor doing? Do the know and how can they help you. And sometimes you should ask them how you can help them. If you design is hard to make well, who’s fault is that. Look at winding, excessive material? Insulation, to thick or thin? Do you have good contact between stator and housing?

That is no one thing that gets to a low cost design. It is like playing sports, you have to learn the fundamentals and execute them well. Once you do that, then you can look at automation, more exotic processes and materials. It is a great team project. Pull together someone with sales, electromagnetic, mechanical, and manufacturing process experience and have a go at it. It is great fun and exciting. You will be surprised at what you will find.

Motor die-cast rotor non-grain-oriented VS grain-oriented

If the material is non-grain-oriented, the path of least resistance for the magnetic flux varies widely from point to point across the sheet: in one place it may go left-to-right across the sheet surface, in another top-to-bottom, and in still another through the sheet. Other points may be anywhere and everywhere in between.

If the material is grain-oriented, the material is aligned such that there is a significant reduction in the energy requirement for passing flux in one direction relative to any other.

Most machines work best with a uniform flux distribution at all points of the airgap surface: this is achieved by stacking both stator and rotor using non-grain-oriented laminations in any arrangement. However, for a grain-oriented material, each lamination has to be rotated by some angle with respect to the one above and below it in the stack (think of it like a spiral staircase).

Regardless of how the winding is made for the rotor (form wound, bar and ring, or die-cast), it is the STACKING process for the core steel that affects grain orientation.

As to skewing BOTH stator and rotor … why? It is a more costly and complex manufacturing process to produce a skewed core vs an unskewed one, regardless whether the skew is in the rotor or stator. Once the skew is begun, there is no real cost difference between a full slot skew and a fractional slot skew.

If you really want to skew both, though – opt for a half-slot skew in one direction in the rotor, and a half-slot skew in the opposite direction for the stator. Note that this means there is only ONE way to assemble rotor and stator together – with the skews opposing. (With the full slot skew on either rotor or stator and an unskewed opposite piece, the rotor can be inserted from either end of the stator with the same effect.)

Variable frequency drive applications

Due to variable frequency drive maintenance and repair experiences.

Die-cast rotor design

The method of creating a die-cast rotor is as follows:

1. An assembly of steel laminations (which may or may not be grain-oriented) containing the openings for both rotor bars and ventilation (as required) is made and clamped together to form a cylindrical iron core.
2. The assembly is inserted into a mold, which has space both above and below the core for the end (shorting) ring assembly.
3. The molten conductor material (aluminum or copper, usually) is injected into the mold and allowed to flow through the bar openings. It also fills the end ring spaces.
4. The entire assembly is allowed to cool so that the conductor solidifies.
5. The “cast” core is then shrunk onto a steel shaft.

Now we have a “cast” rotor assembly, ready for bearings and mounting into machine.

Frequency inverter failure analysis

Transistor frequency inverter has the following disadvantages: easy trip, difficult re-start, poor overload capacity. As the rapid development of IGBT and CPU, the inverter drive integrates perfect self-diagnosis and fault prevention features, improve the reliability greatly.

Vector control frequency inverter has “automatic torque compensation function” to overcome “starting torque inadequate” etc. This function is the inverter uses a high-speed microcomputer to calculate the torque required at current time, to modify and compensate the output voltage quickly to offset the frequency inverter output torque changed by external conditions.

In addition, because as the inverter software development more and more perfect, we can pre-set various failures parameters in the frequency inverter, to ensure continuous running after failure resolved. For example, re-start motor in free parking process; automatic reset internal failures and maintain continuous operation; adjust running curve if load torque is too high to detect the mechanical system abnormal.

Electric motor rotor and stator

When building a traditional electric machine (motor or generator), the idea is to distribute the flux very evenly over both the rotor and stator surfaces where they contact the air gap. This means using either grain-oriented steels and rotating each lamination slightly from the previous one to provide a relatively even flux path, or using a non-grain-oriented steel and having the flux distribute on its own.

Grain-oriented steels are good for lowering magnetizing flux – provided the grain in each lamination is aligned in the same direction. This can also help with reducing stray loss and eddy loss (flux that travels parallel to the shaft and does no useful “work”).

Most electrical steels used in stator and rotor construction also have an insulating coating applied; some of these are organic materials and some are inorganic (solvent-based) materials. The choice is typically made based on a combination of temperature gradient and local environmental laws. The inorganic (solvent) materials can generally withstand higher temperatures but are far less eco-friendly in the manufacture of the coating material or in the curing of the coating after it is applied.

Since most coatings are applied after the rolling-to-thickness process, these are usually cold-rolled steels. The use of cold- vs hot-rolled material can also be based on tooth / slot geometry: for very narrow teeth that require “post processing” for a coating, hot rolled is often used because the material will retain its geometry better through the temperatures used to cure the coating.

Skewing is the relationship between a rotor “turn” and a stator “turn”. Each manufacturer is different; and different machines (synchronous, induction, Permanent magnet, direct current) approach it differently. For example – it is usually easier to skew the stator laminations of an AC machine, because the insertion of the coils is easier. For a DC machine, skewing of the rotor is preferred for the same reason. The amount of skew is typically one slot pitch … which means that one end of the machine has the slot centerline aligned with the opposite end’s tooth centerline.

Grain orientation only applies to the lamination steels … not the conductor materials.

Energy efficient bearing is really a misnomer. However, they can be thought of as those that are sized to have relatively low friction coefficients and therefore low thermal losses (so that you don’t have to use extra energy to cool the lubricant). In the bigger picture, they would also use a lubricant that is less energy-intensive to produce and / or require less replacement.

Avoid variable frequency drive damaged in lightning

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Energy Efficient Motor VS Standard motor

This is a very simplified comparison for a very complex issue. Every motor manufacturer is somewhat different in their approach, and there are literally thousands of design details in each machine that can be accommodated as the designer balances efficiency VS performance VS cost VS reliability VS safety VS manufacturability.

To generalize a bit, take a look at the following list. Not everything is there (not by a long shot!) but there should be enough to give you a reasonable overview. Note that some items are “design” related, while others are “operation” related.

1. Use a lower loss material for both stator and rotor laminations.
2. Use a larger copper cross-section for the same power rating.
3. Skew rotor winding with respect to stator winding.
4. Use more magnetic material (diameter, length, or both) to reduce flux densities.
5. Effectively size the machine for a somewhat higher rating than nameplate (because the typical peak of the efficiency curve occurs somewhere between 70 and 85 percent “rated” load).
6. Operate the machine at reduced temperatures and/or increase coolant flow.
7. Limit input frequency and/or voltage variation to tighter tolerance (note that this is a specification approach, not a manufacturing approach).
8. Better bearings / lubrication to reduce friction loss.
9. More care taken with internal geometry – i.e. closed slots, large air gaps, generous tooth dimensions, smooth surfaces, etc – to reduce windage.

How to learn PLC technology languages

The PLC languages themselves are fairly similar between different manufacturers. You basically have ladder logic (which looks like a relay contact map), function blocks (which are more akin to an electronic circuit overview) and structured language (of which there are several variants. Most look a lot like high-level programming languages). You might encounter some functions having different names or in-/outputs between manufacturers but most of them look much the same. They have the same functionality although complex programming is easier in structured code. If you have worked with high-level programming, you might want to take a look at structured languages first as these will likely feel familiar.

As for ease-of-use, I usually recommend the larger manufacturers; not because these have the best, cheapest or easiest software but because they have very substantial and comprehensive online support which, for a beginner, is more helpful than a cheap program. The big companies such as Siemens, Schneider, ABB and Rockwell all have very comprehensive online help, programming examples and guides as well as manuals available. Most also have “starter-kits” of their software and hardware available although these of course require some form of budget.